RACE 1: Chris runs 100 m in time t; Sandy runs 90 m in time t
v(Chris) = 100/t; v (Sandy) = 90/t
RACE 2: s (Chris) = 110 m; s (Sandy) = 100 m
t2(Chris) = s/v = 110t/100 = 1.10t; t2(Sandy) = s/v = 100t/90 = 1.11t
Chris is still faster.
Mach 2.5 = 825 m/s; Mach 1.2 = 396 m/s
v = u + at
396 = 825 + a x 30
a = - 14.3 m s-2
s1 = 300 m; s2 = 300 m; s3= 300 m; s4 = 300 m
(1) v12 = u 2 + 2as
= 0 + 2 x 0.95 x 300
= 23.87 m s-1
v = u + at
23.87 = 0 + 0.95 t
t1 = 25.1 s
(2) v2 = s2/t2
t2= s2/ v2 = 300/23.87 = 12.57 s;v2 = 23.87 m s-1
(3) t3= 12.57 s; v3 = 23.87 m s-1
(4) v 2 = u 2 + 2as
02 = 23.872 + 2 x a x 300
a = - 0.95 m s-2
t4 = t1 = 25.1 s
Answers: (a) Maximum speed = 23.87 m s-1
(b) Time = t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 = 75.3 s
(c)
The four intervals are shown in the following diagram
At top of jump v4 = 0
v2 = u2 + 2as
02 = u2 + 2 x -10 x +0.76
u (take-off speed (v4)) = 3.9 m/s
BOTTOM 15 cm:
v22 = u2 + 2 as2
= 3.92 + 2 x -10 x 0.15
v2 = 3.49 m/s
v2 = u + at2
t2 = (v2 - u)/a = 0.04 s
TOP 15 cm:
v3 = u2 + 2as
= 3.92 + 2 x -10 x 0.61
v3 = 1.73 m/s
t3 = (v3 - u)/a = 0.22 s
t4 = (v4 - u)/a = 0.39 s
Answers:
(a) Bottom 15 cm: t1 to t2 = 0.04 s
(b) Top 15 cm: t3 to t4 = 0.17 s
(c) Therefore, time at bottom is about 1/4 of time at top.
Question 64
First toss: s1, t1, u1, aQuestion 65
Second toss: s2, 2t1, u2, a
At top:
First toss: v = u1 + at1 = 0
u1 = - at1
Second toss: v = u2 + at2 = 0
u2 = - at2which equals -2at1
Hence: u1 = -at1 = u2/2
s1 = u1t1 + ½ at12
s2 = u2t2 + ½ at22
s2 = 2u12t1 + ½ a(2t1)2
s2 = 4u1t1 + 2at12
Ratio s2/s1 = (4u1t1 + 2at12)/ (u1t1 + ½ at12)
= (4u1 + 2 at1)/(u1 + ½ at1)
Replace at1 by -u1
Ratio s2/s1 = (4u1 + -2 u1)/(u1 + ½ 1)
= 2u1/½ u1
Therefore: s2 is 4 times s1 or second toss goes four times as high.
(a) s = -50m; t2 = t1 - 1; u1 = 0; u2 = ?
Race 1:Question 66
s = ut1 + ½ at12Race 2:
-50 = ½ x -10 t12
t1 = 3.2 s; hence t2 = 2.2 s
v1 = u + at = 0 + -10 x 3.2 = -32 ms-1
s = u2t2 + ½ at22(b)
-50 = u2 x 2.2 + ½ x -10 x 2.22
u2 = -11.7 ms-1; v2 = u +at = -11.7 + -10 x 2.2 = -33.7 ms-1
Acceleration is more thrilling!Question 67
a (Kitty) = (v-u)/t = (628 x 1000/3600)/3.72 = 46.9 ms-1
a (Eli) = (v-u)/t = (116 x 1000/3600)/0.04 = 805 ms-1
Case 1: starting velocity = +uQuestion 68
v12 = u2 + 2asCase 2: starting velocity = -u
v1 = Ö (u2 + 2as)
v22 = u2 + 2as
v2 = Ö (u2 + 2as)
The formula is the same for both because when u is squared it doesn't matter if the value for u is + or -. Hence, the velocity is the same in both cases.
s1 = ut1 + ½ at12Question 69
s1 = -5t12
s2 = u(t1 - 1) + ½ a(t1 - 1)2
s2 = -5 (t1 - 1)2
s2 = -5t12 + 10t1 - 5
(a) s1 - s2 = 5 - 10t1
(b) v1 = u1 + at
v1 = -10t1
v2 = u2 + a(t1 - 1)
v2 = -10t1 + 10
Ratio v1/v2 = -10t1/(-10t1 + 10) = t1/(t1 - 1)
Case 1Question 70
s = ut + ½ at2Case 2
400 = 0 + ½ a x 7.22
a = 15.4 ms-2
v = u + at
305 x 1000/3600 = 0 + a x 7.2
a = 11.8 ms-2
The rider probably reached top speed before the 400 m so in Case 2 where he reached 305 kmh-1 at the finish line, he probably reached this after 5 seconds and kept constant speed from then on. In case 1, we are assuming acceleration is constant and that the top speed is irrelevant. The v/t graphs probably look like this:
At current mass: t1 = 6.92s and s = 400 mQuestion 71
s = ut + ½ at12At heavier mass: 60 pounds - 60/7.2 = 27.3 kg
400 = 0 + ½ a x 6.922
a = 16.7 ms-2
Time lost = 20/27.3 x 0.3 s = 0.22 s
t2 = 6.92 + 0.22 s = 7.14 s
s = ut +½ at2
400 = 0 + ½ a x 7.142
a = 15.7 ms-2
(a) 30 knots = 30 x 100 feet in 1 minute = 30 x 100 x 60 ft per hrQuestion 72
= 180000 ft/hr = 180000/6080 nautical miles/hr = 30 naut mi/hr
(b) 30 knots - 180000 ft/hr = 180000 x 0.305 metres/hr = 180 x 0.305 km/h
= 54.9 km h-1
Question 73 - The 30-Year Problem
t (s)
s (m) Earth
s (m) Moon
s (m) Mars
s (m) Sun
0.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.2
0.20
0.03
0.08
5.40
0.4
0.80
0.13
0.30
21.60
0.6
1.80
0.29
0.68
48.60
0.8
3.20
0.51
1.22
86.40
1.0
5.00
0.80
1.90
135.00
1.2
7.20
1.15
2.74
194.40
1.4
9.80
1.57
3.72
264.60
1.6
12.80
2.05
4.86
345.60
1.8
16.20
2.59
6.16
437.40
2.0
20.00
3.20
7.60
540.00
There are at least five solutions to this problem. Perhaps the easiest (?) one for Senior Physics students is one using internal triangles.
1. Drop perpendiculars from points B and D to line AC (see figure below):
2. Let the constant speed = v (miles/minute). Then: distance (miles) = time (minutes) x speed (v)
The distance AC (directly) = 30v; the distance ADC = 40v; the distance ABC = 35v.
Hence: AD = 40v -10; AB = 35v - 10
Let x be the distance from C to the perpendicular on AC from B.
Let y be the distance from C to the perpendicular on AC from D.
The two lower triangles are similar, hence the perpendiculars have the lengths x and y as shown in the figure.
3. Using Pythagorean theorem on the top two triangles and one of the two identical (similar) lower triangles:
Equation 1: (40v-10)2 = x2 + (30v-y) 2
Equation 2: (35v-10)2 = y2 + (30v-x) 2
Equation 3: 102 = x2 + y2
4. Expand Equation 1 and substitute 102 - y2 for x 2
1600v2 - 800 v + 100 = 100 - y2 + 900v2 - 60 vy + y2
700v2 - 800 v = -60vy
y = 13.33 - 11.67v
5. Repeat for Equation 2 substituting 102 - x2 for y 2:
1225v2 - 700v +100 = 100 - x2 + 900v2 - 60vx 2
325v - 700v = -60vx
x = 11.67 - 5.42v
6. Substitute these values for x and y into equation 3:
100 = (11.67 - 5.42v) 2 + (13.33 - 11.67v) 2
100 = 136.1 - 126.4v + 29.38v2 + 177.8 - 311.1v + 136.1v
165.5v 2 - 437.5v + 213.9 = 0
7. Use quadratic formula to solve for v
Two solutions: v = 0.648 miles/minute and v = 1.996 miles/minute.
8. Convert to miles/hour (x 60): 38.8 mph and 119.8 mph.
9. Discard the second speed as too fast (break the speed limit?).
Answer: 38.8 mph
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION:
Use the cos rule: the cosine of any angle of a triangle equals the sum of the squares of the adjacent sides less the square of the other side, all divided by twice the product of the adjacent sides.
Applying this to the figure (and simplifying) shows that:
Cosine of angle ABC = (7 - 3.25v)/6
Cosine of angle ACD = (8-7v)/6
When these two values are squared and added together they equal 1.
This follows from the rule that: when two angles add up to 90°, the sum of squares of their cosines = 1.
Simplifying and collecting terms gives a quadratic which produces two roots as in the solution above.
ANOTHER SOLUTION
Construct a rectangle as shown in the figure below:
1. Write square-of-the-hypotenuse equations for the three right triangles of which AC, AD and AB are the hypotenuses.
Equation 1 (for AC): (30v)2 = (10 + x) 2 + (y + 10)2
Equation 2: (for AD) (40v-10)2 = x2 + (y + 10)2
Equation 3: (for AB): (35v - 10)2 = y2 + (x + 10) 2
2. Subtract Equation 2 from Equation1 and find x in terms of v.
30v2 - (40v - 10) 2 = (x + 10) 2 - x2
x = -35v2 + 40v - 10
3. Subtract Equation 3 from Equation 1 and find y in terms of v.
30v2 - (35v - 10) 2 = (y + 10) 2 - y2
y = -16.25v2 + 35v - 10
4. Substitute these values of x and y into Equation 1.
(30v) 2 = (-16.25v2 + 35v) 2 + (-35v2 + 40v) 2
900v2 = 16.252v4 - 16.25 x 35 x 2 v3 + 352v2 + 352v4 - 35 x 40 x 2 v3 + 402v2
5. Simplify and divide by v2, (allowable since v can't be equal to zero).
1489.1v2 - 3937.5v + 1925 = 0
6. You should have a quadratic. Solve using the quadratic formula and you should get roots as in the methods above.
Pretty simple huh?
First statement: s µ t2 is correct as our formula is s = ½ at2 which is the same as s µ t2Question 75
Second statement: v µ s is incorrect as v2 = 2as or v2 µ s
Question 76
tan 4.3° = 1000/s therefore s = 1000/tan 4.3° = 13300 m
298 km/h = 298 x 1000/3600 ms-1 = 82.8 ms-1
t = s/v = 13300/82.8 = 160 s
NOTE: the answer in the back of the book is wrong. It is not 44.6 s but 160 s.
Impact speeds:Question 77
Of a child in a car: v = 50 x 1000/3600 = 13.9 ms-1
Falling from a building: (assume each story to be about 3 m high):
v2 = u2 + 2as
v = Ö (2 x 10 x 6) = 10.9 ms-1
Hence there is a lower impact speed in falling from a building but the concrete is harder than a car dashboard. Probably about equal impact damage.
s = ut + ½ at2
64 = 0 + ½ x 2 x t2
t = 8.0 s
s (t=0) = 0
s(t=2) = ½ at2 = ½ a 22 = 4 m
s(t=4) = ½ a x 42 = 16 m
s(t=6) = ½ a x 62 = 36 m
s(t=8) = ½ a x 82 = 64 m